The opening of the urban commons

In a seminal 1968 essay on "The Tragedy of the Commons,”Garrett哈丁描述了利己主义drives individuals to overuse publicly shared land and resources until the commons either collapse or closed to everything but private profit.

最终，外壳导致我们的环境，为少数人的利益的剥削和降解。尽管哈丁悲剧的长期运行的历史，我想我们是在一个显着逆转的中间 - 尽管这一次，动作都集中在我们的城市。

It is a phenomenon I call the "opening of the Urban Commons," where private infrastructure isincreasingly becoming sharedand where huge monopoly energy systems are让位to shared ownership of generating assets.

城市公共资源的开放本质上是民主的。关于资源利用的决策击碎和分发到个人层面，其中买卖双方接收信息，使通知并经双方同意交易。这一转变对农村公共闭幕的相反影响。

The opening of the urban commons creates greater job opportunity, flexibility and resilience. A direct consequence of this shift is to dramatically reduce the environmental damage on the real world — the ecosystems our species and economy is embedded in and entirely reliant upon for its existence and survival.

Shifting to sharing

大型的美国理想,独立的郊区homes and driving (usually alone) in privately owned cars to jobs, specialized shops and services is starting to give way.

城市首牵手步行距离齐头并进内较小，连接家庭或公寓下滑的汽车保有和共享服务的公司，如尤伯杯和标题爆炸shared bike servicessuch as Washington D.C.'s Capital Bikeshare.

An app showing real time location of smart bikes and smart bike racks enables far more biking because bikes are available and droppable almost anywhere, cutting congestion and reducing needs for taxis.共用传输所有权reduces CO2 footprints, tons of steel on the road and creates a fellowship of two-wheeled travelers that feels like community.

The great Jane Jacobs, in her seminal work "美国大城市的死与生," describes the importance of proximate neighbors in urban areas for crime reduction and for creating connections and community. We are seeing a rapid growth in exactly such urban and suburban walkable green communities.

The explosion of Uber and Lyft reflects a market view that taxi services are shifting permanently and rapidly from centrally owned, controlled and dispatched fleets to individual services through a direct client-to-provider, time-and-price brokered market. For Uber or Lyft drivers, the average car ownership cost of about $8,700 per year is now allocated across longer usage hours, meaning low marginal cost for private car usage for income generation.

通过尤伯杯司机又增加使用汽车的时间减少了需要增加出租车，驾驶汽车的净减少的社会。而且由于私人拥有的汽车 - 通过尤伯杯要么驱动或通过公司租来的，如旅程接力 - 现在有放弃的收入衡量机会成本，业主自用汽车可能会下降。

Real time ridesharing platforms also enable and foster increased occupancy and community links, further reducing tons of steel on the road or parked.

同样，制作的Airbnb - 以约50十亿$市场价值，或足以让18岁以下儿童全部35万个美国家庭花一个星期在一家不错的酒店 - 现有的住宅和公寓的入住率不断上升，降低了建筑的新需求酒店。

客户端和主机的基于信任的网络（通常是相同的），也创造了建立在透明度和问责制社会的基础，作为农村公共闭幕之前就存在功能共享自然资源的当地社区管理的特点。

The new economics of urban life

城市公共资源的增长包括在哪里以及如何我们的生活，因此在很大程度上决定我们使用什么交通工具。总之，这代表了我们的开支巨大的一部分，并具有直接降低我们在我们的生活体验经济风险的潜力。

The Wall Street Journalrecently reported由制作的Airbnb的一项研究发现，在平台上超过10,000台主机依靠租金收入，而推出的新业务。的灵活性和能够从您的家庭和汽车的增加收入的选项获得收入的控制，降低了风险，增加了财务灵活性，并加强家庭和社区的财务弹性。

The shift in preferences among millennials and empty nesters from sprawling, car-dependent houses to smaller, walkable mixed-use dwellings can cut energy use and climate pollution by more than half due to smaller living units, shared walls (less heating and AC) and greatly reduced driving.

Huge kitchens in sprawl homes featuring rarely used specialized appliances are traded in for smaller kitchens in walking distance to coffee shops, bakeries and bistros. Increased exercise and community also improves health, happiness and longevity (you are likely to live eight years longer if you have strong social networks than if you are lonely).

A Big Data real estate platform calledPlaceshas developed a set of real estate risk metrics that provide a more accurate default risk predictor than the industry norm FICO score.

地方论文包括附近的公共交通步行的混合用途的建筑物比扩张的建筑远低于信用风险，在很大程度上是因为它们需要较少或没有私人汽车的拥有，拥有更低的能源和水费，并提供更多的就业机会。在失业的情况下，与公共交通进入一个适宜步行的，混合使用区护士具有低得多的用车成本，可以比如果她被卡在一个郊区访问更多新的就业机会。从理论上讲，这使得护士不太可能拖欠她的贷款。

To test this thesis, a top 10 U.S. residential loan provider screened a 100,000-home loan portfolio using the Places screen. Compared to its own FICO-based loan decisions on the portfolio, the analysis found that the Places screen would have saved $250 million by avoiding bad loans to high FICO scorers and would have resulted in an additional $5 billion in good loans to lower FICO scorers.

A nurse in a walkable, mixed-use neighborhood that can access public transit and shared bike and car services does not need to own a car and, with a FICO score of 600, turns out to be better credit risk that a sprawl-occupying, car-dependent worker in an isolated area with a FICO score of 700.

The greater flexibility of shared urban-based services provides cost avoidance and income generating options that greatly enhance economic resilience — and cause far less environmental damage.

Still, greening is sometimes inaccurately portrayed as being an option only for the wealthy.

I had the good fortune of being the principal advisor to Enterprise Community Partners in designing and developing what is now the national standard for green low-income housing.

在绿色社区的设计标准削减能源和水的利用了三分之一，提高了租户舒适度和空气质量，增加现场发电。该标准鼓励成本效益的设计，并已用于为基础，超过10万低收入单位，一般在人口密集，混合使用区与步行设施的访问。

Walkable, green, healthy design reduces car dependence and costs while also improving health (especially respiratory), enabling fewer sick days from school and work. Lower costs of transportation, increased resilience, fewer work and school sick days and lower energy bills — all those things really matter to the well-being and financial security of low income families.

Powering the next generation of cities

哈丁，他在“悲剧的共享”的文章，指出，收购能源是一个问题，即驱动器资源的过度使用和普通的空气和水的污染。

While Hardin wondered if atomic energy might change the limits on energy, it turns out that sunshine combined with energy efficiency is the driver that is most rapidly democratizing energy.

While solar PV has exploded in the last decade, most people — including apartment dwellers — do not have roofs on which to put solar panels. A fast-emerging area is shared or community solar that allows people with or without sunny roofs to buy an ownership stake in local or remote renewable energy generating projects, financing new clean energy and ensuring lower, fixed long-term utility payments.

The motto of the community solar wind companyUnitedWind是“是你自己的电力公司。”一家新公司，Solstice Initiative，是旨在使低收入和中等收入租房买了一块太阳能光伏项目，没有资金成本，比传统的脏功率低长期利率锁定。

New forms of financing such as Pace bonds offered by firms such as Renovate America and PACE Funding Group allow efficiency and renewable energy to be financed at long term low rates via an assessment of the property tax bill. Because energy savings exceed the cost of financing, homeowners save money and home values rise. Such measures increase home value and reduce home ownership costs, in turn reducing risk of default.

智能能效管理工具，如鸟巢的智能温控，与建筑节能优化平台一起，如增殖AtSiteandBuildingIQ,让业主和企业积极重塑功耗。从那里，它可以削减能源开支，并通过降低功耗或按需提供电能质量服务赚钱。

In the multi-state PJM power market, most peak generating capacity (required to provide peak demand in air condition intensive summer months) is no longer provided by occasionally operated power plants but by utility clients who, for a fee, reduce electricity consumption or generate power to meet utility-wide peak power needs.

The effect of providing these new, distributed-revenue sources is to reduce construction of new power plants, increase systemwide energy efficiency and cut pollution.

With these smart distributed generating and energy efficiency strategies, subscribers can monitor the power output or see real time generation, savings and even see visuals of turning wind turbines or working solar PV systems in which they have an ownership stake.

This transparency and accountability for household, school and business-owned energy assets is a huge democratic transformation with positive environmental benefits. Consider newly available energy options, as illustrated by my own home.

My family lives in a house with a Sunpower, U.S.-manufactured 8.25 KW solar PV solar energy system powering most of our home and charging our electric car, a BMW i3, currently the most fuel efficient commercial car in the world and a blast to drive. The electricity generated from sunlight hitting our roof displaces gasoline from an unknown source.

提高透明度，个人控制和责任也是新城市共享的更普遍的特征。一位超级司机或乘客是谁一再粗暴很可能被拒之门外。谁是辱骂制作的Airbnb主机或客户将被排除在网络。

This accountability enables the Urban Commons to work effectively at efficient resource sharing, community building and cutting pollution. The emerging Urban Commons is good news for all of us, especially for future generations whose quality of life depends on the decisions (especially on climate change) that we make today.

The opening of the Urban Commons is enabling a richer, healthier, lower-risk, less costly and less environmentally damaging way of life. Welcome to the opening.