asknature：你是如何制造能源的？
The following is adapted from the Biomimicry Institute's Ask Nature Collections of strategies and products, inspired by nature, to address the 21st century's greatest design challenges. Find thefull collections here。
人类越来越依赖于我们通过技术连接的能力，并轻松访问能量网格。实际上我们生活的各个方面都是以某种方式插入和电源。然而，随着我们对电力的需求增加，我们必须进入和使用这种能量的创新和生活方式。
Here’s a light bulb idea: how does nature make energy? For the billions of species that have existed on planet earth, humans are the only ones who have placed such a premium on unsustainable and non-local sources of energy. How then, does nature balance its energy books while producing relatively little energy waste?
This collection explores hownature has discovered brilliant ways这样做。自然如何有效地利用太阳的能量来满足自己的需求？生活系统如何包装一个大量的精力充沛的成本？Nature是否适用有效的化学过程，生产能量并产生惰性废物？展望大自然解决我们最紧迫的能源问题是下一个逻辑步骤。
叶形状优化阳光：橄榄树
In some deciduous trees, the leaves on the exterior of the tree canopy differ from those inside the tree canopy. The exterior leaves are referred to as "sun leaves," while the interior leaves are "shade leaves." These leaves have differences in shape, internal anatomy and chemistry that translate into specialized abilities to use different kinds of solar radiation effectively.
太阳叶通常比阴茎更小，更细长，更厚，含有更多层的含叶绿素组织和更广泛的内部血管系统。据认为，太阳叶更好地适应捕获和使用直接的太阳辐射（当它不是太强烈而导致热量和其他与压力相关的损坏）。它们的细长形状也与较高水平的太阳辐射呈现，到达阴影叶片的内层。
遮阳叶似乎有效地使用漫反射太阳辐射，该漫射太阳辐射在被其他物体散射之后到达内层，例如外部太阳叶，在直接光的路径中。在远离普遍的阳光下，遮阳叶也可以在外部树冠上找到。
“春天装载的运动器”已被用于Pogo棒的设计和一些假肢。
看起来外部晒叶特征可以随着环境条件（它们显示塑性）而变化，并且其形状尤其可以影响阴影叶子经验的内部冠层环境。阳光叶中的可塑性似乎有助于稳定内层冠层条件，从非生物胁迫缓冲它。遗传变异和树大小也影响叶子特征，但似乎可以通过阳光和阴影叶子与环境不同的响应来优化整棵树光合作用。太阳和阴影叶也发生在其他物种中。在橡木中，外叶具有较窄的裂片，而阴影叶片叶片更为宽阔。
BioinSpired产品和应用创意
应用思想：设计结构响应于改变光线条件和可用性。改变太阳能收集表面的形状，利用不同类型的辐射。优化而不是最大化光线如何进入建筑物。
工业部门对此战略感兴趣：construction, energy
Tendons store and return energy: Tammar wallaby
虽然大多数陆地动物在地面上运行，跳跃或小跑需要花费更多的代谢能量来更快地去，但跳跃的Tammar啤酒不能更快地走得更快，没有很少或没有增加能量成本。此外，母冢袋鼠可以在袋子里携带婴儿“joey”的重负荷而不增加她的运动成本。
These remarkable feats are likely due to the storage and recovery of elastic energy by the large springy tendons in the wallaby's hind legs. During the leaping, aerial phase of the hop cycle, the wallaby’s forward movement represents kinetic energy and the gravitational pull back to the ground is a form of potential energy. These energies transform into elastic strain energy of stretching tendons when the foot hits the ground. That energy then can be recovered in the elastic recoil of those tendons that helps propel the wallaby back off the ground.
彩虹鳟鱼可以采用特殊的游泳行为，这可能使他们能够通过从附近的水涡旋中提取能量来挽救自己的能量。
As much as 90 percent of the energy stored in the tendon can be recovered for such reuse. The key to this energy recovery is that muscles attached to the tendons are stiff enough so that their length changes little as they generate force. If the muscles changed in length a lot, they might absorb and dissipate the tendon's elastic energy, making it unavailable to power the next hop. The faster the wallaby goes and the heavier the load, the more elastic energy gets stored and recovered, hence the cost of locomotion can be unchanged with speed or load over a normal range of speeds.
The use of tendons and elastic energy is also found in many other large animals that run (such as horses and turkeys), but to a much less dramatic extent in terms of energy savings as those observed in kangaroos and wallabies. It is as yet unclear exactly why these macropods experience such high savings in energy storage as a means of increasing locomotor efficiency is also observed in a variety of swimming animals, from squid to dolphins.
The use of elastic energy storage could be considered in the human design of all sorts of moving structures toincrease energy efficiency。“弹簧装载机”已被用于Pogo棒和一些假肢的设计。
BioinSpired产品和应用创意
应用程序想法：Kinetic energy storage product for cars. Prosthetics. Machines that capture energy to use in other applications. Pumps that recapture input energy.
工业部门对此战略感兴趣：制造业，运输好用的买球外围app网站
Body uses vortices to save energy: Rainbow trout
Many fish swim using an undulating motion of their bodies. The muscle activity that bends the body and produces these movements during steady, continuous swimming can cost a significant amount of energy. But some fishes, such as rainbow trout, can adopt a special swimming behavior that likely enables them to save their own energy by extracting energy from nearby water vortices.
In a fluid environment, vortices are swirls of water or air often released (or "shed") from stationary objects and other生物，包括其他鱼类, that are in the path of an oncoming flow. Trout use water vortices that come their way from upstream sources to their advantage by adjusting their typical swimming behavior to produce a "slalom" movement between vortices. Body bends increase in amplitude and curvature, and the tail beats at a frequency that matches the frequency at which vortices are shed upstream. The pattern of muscle activity along the body also changes, where only muscles close to the head are active.
这与典型的起伏运动不同，肌肉沿着身体承包，从头部开始并向尾部移动以产生推动鱼的行驶体波。研究人员假设肌肉活动和身体运动的这些变化有助于鳟鱼定位其身体，使其以特定方式与涡流相互作用。
The exact nature of this interaction is still under investigation, but one explanation is that the fish controls the angle of its body so that local flow from the vortices produces a continuous upstream force on the body. Scientist James Liao uses the analogy: "We hypothesize that trout use their body like a sail to tack upstream."
在人类行为中，例如，在人类行为中发现，利用改变的液体流动的一般概念，以降低人类行动的能量成本，例如，在彼此突出的骑自行车的人中，以节省能量。
BioinSpired产品和应用创意
应用程序想法：风力涡轮机使用大型建筑物周围的漩涡或其他大型结构。使用eddies产生能量的海洋能量设备。
工业部门对此战略感兴趣：建筑，能源，建筑，运输好用的买球外围app网站
