四温室指向城市建筑的未来
今年夏天,我很幸运地教课程仿生设计在舒马赫学院in Devon, England, and theOmega Institute在莱茵贝克,纽约。在这两个机构我看到了什么,我认为是城市建设的未来,虽然它不会,我敢肯定,看什么像什么,我观察到,在这些安静的讨论,田园诗般的地方。
This future will have, I believe, a large element of the past within it. Green ideas that were the stuff of hippie dreams 40 years ago have been given two gifts from Father Time: new relevance in the centers of capital, thanks to the urgency of climate change, and new feasibility in the centers of design, thanks to our advances in technology and industry.
不起眼的温室似乎代表了这些趋势,为什么不呢?这是不是一个单一的,人类更广阔的上下文意思是支持生命的建筑物。
1. The Omega Center's Eco-Machine
举个例子来说,在欧米茄中心可持续生存(OCSL)。这是美国第一个建筑物同时满足居住建筑挑战标准和美国绿色建筑委员会LEED白金级标准。在6,250平方英尺的建筑是零净能源的建筑,居然进了一年多的过程中的能量回馈到电网。太阳能电池板阵列和地热交换系统,使这可能是一年中温和的时期用作教室的建设。
该建筑物及其人工湿地和疏散场地处理所有从195英亩欧米茄校园内的废水,并将其返回给当地的含水层。无化学品的使用,以处理废物;植物和真菌,藻类一个特殊的配方和细菌在土壤和坦克做的工作。
这种所谓的生态机器,通过设计约翰·托德生态设计,带来了黑水可饮用水平在36小时内7个顺序步骤。这些车站包括一个美丽的4500平方英尺的温室全面开花的热带植物坦克生长。大部分水流被重力供电。使用的任何能量由太阳能供电。该工厂每天处理多达38,000加仑,具有每天52000加仑设计能力。
它已经从天漫长的旅程约翰·托德的新炼金术研究所法尔茅斯,马萨诸塞州在1970年,但OCSL确实是一个非常喜人的景象。
So why do I think this small wastewater treatment plant masquerading as a beautiful building (by BNIM Architects of Kansas City, Missouri) heralds future trends in urban construction?
第一:闭环。The loop that the OCSL closes is the hydrological cycle. Omega takes water from the local aquifer, borrows it for toilets, sinks and showers and then cleans it back up before returning it to its natural, underground holding tank. If we are to save our resources and energy, we will have to close all of these material cycles or loops.
第二:让建筑物更加努力地工作。今后,他们将不得不像我们其余的多任务和超越的住房及室内气候控制。他们确实有改善周围环境,包括像提供更多的氧气,或储存热量,或育人。该OCSL设计只暗示了一些,但我认为,这种增强的功能将在这未来将越来越多地融入建筑设计。
Third: the building / nature interface.如果我们要关闭自然物质循环和解决超出单个建筑物的墙壁挑战,因为我认为我们必须,那么我们必然得出这样的第三个趋势:真正的内置环境集成到现有的自然生态系统。
我们不能不采取免费服务的优势,这些系统提供,而买不起,不再,拧起来。
下一页:把温室原则绿化撒哈拉沙漠
这种集成将意味着我们的建筑将有越来越多地开始喜欢自然的东西发挥作用,而不是笨拙地嵌入的对象。如果您需要过滤出的水使用建筑物的地基土的,说的话,我敢打赌,你的设计草图将开始寻找像膜,你会跟一个生物学家,以及一个土壤工程师。
At OCSL the working guts of the treatment plant are literally spread all over the ground, and the sophistication of joining a building with the land will only become more refined as we progress from bio-utilization to bio-inspired design.
2. Schumacher College: Applying Greenhouse Principles to the Sahara
在舒马赫学院,我与同行的老师讲的特权迈克尔Pawlyn, architect, head ofExploration Architecture和仿生方法来恢复设计的倡导者。他是他所谓的“激进资源效率”,可以经常改变我们目前的线性资源流进的闭环系统来实现的倡导者。他进一步认为,我们目前的化石燃料系统将不得不改变,以一个直接基于太阳(看他TEDSalon 2010年伦敦谈话for more).
Pawlyn是的方案构思Sahara Forest Project。撒哈拉项目以温室的功能性,并赋予它恢复整个区域的大胆野心。海水将通过温室建筑抽到淡化水。然后,这个淡水将用于温室的保护范围内种植粮食作物或幼苗沙漠植被恢复。
Simultaneously, newly desalinated water will be converted to steam in giant boilers by concentrated solar arrays and used to spin turbines for energy. The solar arrays will be used to shade plants that would not ordinarily survive in the harsh sun, and the waste heat will be used in the distillation process.
碳中性能源,新鲜食物和水,并在世界上最恶劣的环境中的一个新的生态系统生长:这是闭合材料循环,使我们的建筑更加努力地工作,甚至超越了自家院墙的一个很好的例子。一个设计团队的启示根据Pawlyn来到时,他们意识到,第一台样机海水温室,通过改变环境湿度和排出多余水分,改变了周围的沙漠景观,“像一个绿色的墨迹”。
乔丹最近announced its support for the project, and will provide a 200,000 square meter plot in Aqaba near the Red Sea, with an additional 2 million square meters for future expansion. The project is backed by the Ballona Foundation and Norwegian authorities. The developers will conduct a feasibility study in 2011, and plan to build a pilot test and demonstration center in 2012, which will be scaled up to production levels by 2015.
The海水温室是团队成员的心血结晶Charlie Paton, and is an elegantly simple design that turns a building into a giant still. Water is let through the space, evaporated in grills and then condensed and collected. In the process it leaves its previously dissolved minerals behind. The freshwater is now where it is needed and is piped immediately to the waiting plants. The plants are then used to leverage soil conservation and microclimate engineering and, it is hoped, these small steps will add up to a change in a regional ecosystem.
Next page: The Eden Project, the Biggest of them All
Here, the building is clearly working to solve challenges beyond its walls. As to those minerals, in this brave new world of closed loops no resources get truly left behind: plans include the use of the calcium carbonate and salts for building blocks and the phosphates for fertilizer. Indeed, an entire spectrum of minerals is in seawater, so the designers will continue to study precipitation rates and recovery methods.
3.伊甸园项目:其中最大的全
While at Schumacher I visited another, now famous,greenhouse at the Eden Project in Cornwall。一位在英国访问量最大的网站,这个前chinaclay采石场包含了世界上最大的温室,二,住房热带和地中海植物群落之一。
Pawlyn was also involved in the design of these buildings in the firm Nicholas Grimshaw and credits the natural world for much of the design inspiration; soap bubbles for a shifting shape at the foundation and radiolarians for efficient tessellation, for example. The buildings, therefore, edge slightly closer to that building/nature interface, but perhaps only in form.
这些圆顶覆盖有已制成有空气的三层夹层之间吹入ETFE(乙烯tetrafluoraethylene)。ETFE为1%的玻璃的重量,而这个效率上创建钢和其它构件积蓄的级联,使得工程师计算出,屋顶称重小于它包含的空气。
我在艺术,杰伊·鲍德温的加州大学的同事,是在1969年第一个“枕头穹顶”的后院发明家,是的,我们有来自夹紧乙烯袋在管框大地的那些创业时期很长的路要走圆顶。
While these three greenhouse designs work harder and close material loops successfully, the world awaits the progeny that will integrate their qualities with living and working spaces for humans. It also awaits a functional material integration of the built and the living worlds.
4. U.C.伯克利:制备植物的系统的机械传感器
该前沿的观点是我在后院U.C.伯克利分校,并可以在植物与微生物系的一个不伦不类的和传统的研究温室和实验室被发现。
Here刘易斯·费尔德曼教授与Kameshwar Poolla教授和机械工程系的研究生乔治·海因斯努力弥合在温室的环境条件和机械控制调节温室环境之间的差距。
Call it a partnership, if you will; the idea is to make the plants the sensors that fine-tune the mechanical system that supports them. Current arrangements might rely on soil moisture, or regular schedules, or other indicators of heat, light and air, but they are all somewhat removed from the critical indicator, real-time stress, as it is experienced by the plant.
研究人员已经长大单位基因工程芥菜,拟南芥,并受到他们为了热应激测试本身可能如何植物被用作传感器或bioreporters,其特定的环境条件。发荧光当植物暴露在压力下对这一努力的植物已经被“改造”,以产生一种蛋白质。
每个植物的叶子附着到仪表,其测量的荧光从植物蛋白荧光发射。这种蛋白质在植物时产生编码该蛋白的基因连接到启动子。
启动子是分子“通/断开关”的基因,以及不同的启动子转取决于它们暴露于特定环境条件(或关闭)。的基因的活性,因此,使得应力状态的在植物中有很大的指标。一旦有用的启动识别它们连接到这使得发荧光,然后这个新的基因插入到测试植物蛋白质的基因。这些植物,然后通过几代人成长为确认一个可靠的基因型,然后在测试中使用。
Results have been promising and the researchers will now turn their attention to developing a superior indicator, and identifying a range of promoters for stresses other than heat. In more engineering terms, they will try to develop sensors for every state of interest to the building system.
长期影响是对作物产量显著具体而言,和一般的生活设计的建筑物。正如研究者写,知道控制植物的开花时间将允许应力启动子表达水平的控制的遗传途径对应于最佳的产率。这方面的知识将进一步允许使用植物本身的设置这些条件建设。
该项目的最高级别的目标是“通过...生物过程的观察前后停业温室环境设定值的循环,以优化种植者的目标。”替换单词“设计师”为“种植者”,你会明白我的意思。
设计师:去工作吧!
上面的照片中,伊甸园项目圆顶晚上,由CC授权马克Vallins。