Green Building Takes Off at Airports
中国人为快速建设提供了全部媒体,但是新德里的英迪拉·甘地国际机场的新码头3号终点站设定了很高的酒吧。该机场不仅旨在每年处理3400万乘客由印度绿色建筑委员会授予LEED-GOLD认证, but it also was constructed in a mere 37 months.
经过contrast, Terminal 3 of the Beijing airport, which was built for the 2008 Olympics to handle 45 million passengers per year, took 60 months to complete and to date has not received any environmental certification.
绿色机场本周在新闻中:640,000平方英尺renovated terminal at San Francisco International Airport, which opens to the public this weekend, is shooting for LEED-Gold certification. The terminal's principal tenants: Virgin America and American Airlines also have registered for LEED certification. Virgin America is aiming for LEED-Platinum certification of its offices in the new terminal and the American Airlines Admirals Club is seeking LEED-Silver certification.
Also this week, Groom Energy's Paul Baier reviews the绿色地球仪认证的全食商商店在马萨诸塞州的德德姆(Dedham),这家商店拥有400 kW的燃料电池和80 kW的太阳能电池,共同提供90%的储存能源需求。制冷案例中的废热用于温暖设施的水,并在整个过程中都使用了环保的建筑材料。
Those troublemakers at the落基山研究所再次。所有这些活动都“重塑火”在他们的腹部中点燃了一场活动,这次旨在改善能量建模。我已经写了关于以前的悲惨能源建模状态,尽管情况肯定有所改善,但该学科仍然被误解了,并且在绝大多数时间内都无法实施。
Ironically, people who put complete faith in financial models (which make weather forecasting look like the Oracle of Delphi), consider energy modeling "black box voodoo" -- perhaps because it's based on those dismal sciences of physics and engineering. Or, maybe it's because -- let's be frank -- most (not all) energy modeling in the U.S. still sucks. The modeling software itself is underdeveloped relative to the progress in building design and engineering practice and very little recalibration of the algorithms based on actual detailed building performance measurement has been performed.
而且,在LEED推出之前,唯一的能源建模是定期在加利福尼亚进行的,因为该州的住宅和非住宅建筑的能源效率标准是Title 24中的性能。但是即使在那里,大多数项目都选择了规定代码合规性。
Today's modelers themselves tend to be junior engineers with relatively little field or actual building design and engineering experience, so they can't really tell when they're experiencing GIGO (garbage in, garbage out) failure, because many modelers don't really understand how buildings work as a whole. Another huge problem is that most dynamic modeling still occurs when it's useless -- after the building has been completed, which is exactly the wrong time to do it.
As noted by many at the RMI event, owners don't really understand why modeling is done. Perhaps some analogies to financial or real estate investment are appropriate: Very few investors or developers would pick a stock portfolio or a real estate investment property without doing significant market analysis and, yes indeedy, modeling of the expected performance based on vetted variables that fall within realistic parameters. Few PFA (picked from the air) assumptions about financial performance would survive much scrutiny, so why shouldn't the same be true for physical and operating assumptions about a building's operational performance?
当然,如果LEED要求采用明智的方式(提示:建模必须始于设计开发,并且具有明确定义的流程规则和用于所使用的关键变量的合理界限),人们会抱怨它“太过规定了”。希望这是USGBC的建筑绩效计划真正可以提供帮助的领域。
我不会在本周获得“爷爷奖”,因为我的时间没时间,我想写Anto Budiardjo's piece about the smart grid。I think Budiardjo has it half right: The supply side is not the whole story of the smart grid, indeed I would argue it's less than a quarter. Power generation is derived demand and there are really very few times in a day, month, or year when the grid really cares what's going on on the other side of the meter, namely when the system begins reaching capacity.
In addition, the vast bulk of the energy-saving opportunity is on the demand side of the meter, as opposed to improving the heat rate or transmission efficiencies. Not that these areas of improvement are not important, it's just that they are at least an order of magnitude smaller than the opportunity in buildings and other electricity end uses. So if we're concerned about the integral rather than the derivative, we should focus on the demand side of the equation and think of buildings looking within themselves or reaching out to other buildings to share capacity -- not unlike the virtualization revolution in IT -- as the principal challenge confronting the "smart grid."
旧金山国际机场2号航站楼的图像由Gensler提供