它远非气候专家的常态,以便提供可能被称为的东西,所有事情都考虑过,相当积极的新闻。但是,2020年并不正常年份。
As has been well documented, 2020 is expected to see an unprecedented peacetime drop in global greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the economic downturn driven by the COVID-19 pandemic. But similar annual cuts in emissions are needed every year this decade, and as economies recover, emissions are expected to bounce back strongly in the coming years. If it were not already obvious, deep, systemic changes to the global economy are urgently needed to drive the deep ongoing cuts in emissions required to put the world on track to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement and avert a climate catastrophe.
然而,由于近几个月从世界领导者的地标气候承诺进行了势头,现在日益增长的希望是全球经济的急需,全球经济的重新制作,这些经济嵌入了长期的绿色基础设施,流程和行为最终可能在卡片上。
这样的目标仍然存在,因为它一直是一个很高的秩序。但是最后一周难以感觉到有点浮躁鼓励调查结果从气候科学家和气候行动跟踪员(CAT)倡议的政策专家,他们评估了这个星球潜在的全球变暖途径,应该是国家和世界领导人在他们迄今为止的减排承诺。
自9月以来,中国已承诺到2060年,日本,韩国,南非和加拿大达到碳中立,并在2050年将其瞄准为净值。将这些承诺与世界各地的预先存在的国家气候承诺一起增加, such as the EU's landmark net-zero goal, and President-elect Joe Biden's promise to put the U.S. on a net-zero footing by 2050, and 63 percent of the global greenhouse gas emissions are emitted in territories soon to be governed by some form of net-zero commitment.
多年来一直在做这项工作,这通常是一个令人沮丧的业务,看起来并不多。但事实上,现在在过去的3个月里,我对可能的可能性感到非常惊讶。
总而言之,猫估计,如果政府和世界领导人遵循这些公共承诺,世界可能会进入2.1摄氏度全球变暖轨迹,使巴黎协定目标限制平均温度上升至2 C或“良好”1.5 C "within reach. Even if the U.S. and other net-zero pledges where the precise legal status of the targets remains unclear are removed from the calculations, then CAT still reckons current commitments could deliver a 2.24 C temperature trajectory. It may be a depressingly long way from "mission accomplished," but it is also a far cry from the 2.7 C to 3.7 C projected warming range calculated in 2015 based on the emissions reductions goals submitted under the Paris Agreement.
尼克拉斯赫恩(NiklasHöhne教授 - 猫伴侣组织 - 过去几个月是一个令人欢迎的惊喜。毕竟,曾为猫的分析作出贡献多年,他也被用作潜行气候行动进展的人。
“对我们来说,有积极的消息是不寻常的,”他告诉BusinessGreen。“我们现在一直在做这项工作,这通常是一个令人沮丧的业务,看起来并不多。但事实上,现在在过去的三个月里,我已经积极惊讶于可能的事情。”
他解释说,中国2060岁的承诺突出了触发日本,韩国,南非和其他人的倾向于日本,南非和其他人。“这一切都是一个动态的我在四个月前没有看到,”Höhne说。
It is hugely encouraging news. Still, it is vital to note the many caveats to CAT's analysis, and the monumental political, economic, social and technological hurdles that must be scaled to deliver on the historic wave of net-zero pledges and ensure a stable climate.
但仅关注前方旅程的规模风险掩盖了所取得的进展,以及多快。并且可以说,猫分析强调的变化步伐是最镀锌。
“这就是为什么我认为有一种正在发生的多米诺骨牌效应或波浪,”Höhne解释道。“如果我们在过去四个月中看到的快速速度持续,那么我认为我们将有其他国家很快推迟。”
实际上,值得注意的是前景如何变化。自2009年以来,猫一直在分析政策承诺对行星变暖的影响,哥本哈根的透露COP15 U.N.气候变化峰会。回来后,猫的全球平均温度增加2100的估计是3.5℃。在法国COP21采用巴黎协议后,2015年快进至2015年,这几乎在全球致力于限制全球变暖的地球上的每个国家,而猫的估计已经下降目前大幅为2.7℃。正如各国政府在巴黎协议中所设想的棘轮机制所设想的棘轮机制,所以各国每五年提交新的排放计划,前景再次得到改善。
“我认为现在已经实现了临界群众,”Höhne补充道。“在我看来,现在很难留下来。”
当然,过去五年几乎没有普通航行。白宫过去四年被气候态度占领,由于全球大流行,COP26推迟,气候外交冒着背部燃烧器。排放量可能在巴黎协议的直接急照中,加油希望经济增长和排放已经脱钩,但他们开始在十年结束时再次攀升。
There is still a long way to go, with 37% of global greenhouse gas emissions still to be covered by net-zero goals, and major emitters are likely to continue holding out against suitably ambitious decarbonization goals.
But now, with the escalation of net-zero commitments in the run-up to COP26, and the potential of more ambitious national decarbonization plans emerging in the next fortnight to coincide with the upcoming U.N. Climate Ambition Summit, it is suddenly possible to envisage how global decarbonization could start to gather pace over the coming years.
“我认为这个净零目标的问题真的是一个突破,”Höhne说。“这已经在2015年已经在巴黎协定中,所有国家都应该净零,但现在个别国家大众,美国和欧盟真的很认真,这是新的。”
这种乐观感进一步放大了资金和技术趋势,支撑了新的净零目标。过去五年已经看到可再生能源的成本下降,智能电网技术推进和电动车进入主流,甚至碳密集型产业已经开始映射可靠的脱碳途径。一支生长的工业化国家乐队已经证明,可以在仍然提高生活水平的同时提供深度排放,而通过移动近海清洁技术的一些排放减排也起到了关键作用。各国政府一直确信设定更加雄心勃勃的排放目标,因为现在有证据基础,表明他们可以实现。
人们有充分的理由相信更多的国家s, regions, states and businesses will set ambitious net zero targets backed by stretching interim goals in the months leading to the crucial COP26 Climate Summit in Glasgow next November. But there is still a long way to go, with 37 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions still to be covered by net-zero goals, and major emitters such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Iran are likely to continue holding out against suitably ambitious decarbonization goals for quite some time yet, given their fossil fuel-dominated economies.
即便如此,虽然长期的气候目标在设定野心方面至关重要,但仅靠承诺不会自动等同于地面上的行动。2030的近期脱碳目标可能在确定可以实现猫的令人鼓舞的温度投影时发挥关键作用。目前,全球承诺仍远低于标准规定,大多数国家气候计划在巴黎协议下提交的2030年,仍然不符合2050年的交付净零。英国是第一批设定法律净零目标的主要经济近18岁几个月前,政府的脱碳战略仍然不符符合目标所需的排放轨迹。许多其他国家在其令人钦佩的长期排放目标和短期气候政策之间遇到同样的脱节。
因此,猫估计,即使在2020年的排放中的Covid-19下降,全球温室气体实际上是为了保持上升到2030年,当时全球排放需要被切成两半,以便避免有机会限制全球变暖至1.5℃。
The sobering reality is that the execution of promised net-zero plans faces immense challenges and little time is left for setbacks or delays. Hard to decarbonize sectors such as aviation, shipping and heavy industry face immense technical challenges if they are to curb emissions. Even in areas such as power and road transport where low carbon alternative technologies exist, clean tech providers face powerful incumbents and numerous policy barriers. As the Trump experiment demonstrated, the political consensus on climate action can be fractured quickly, undermining investment in the net-zero transition. Public opinion polling the world over shows growing concern at the climate crisis and support for clean technologies, but the disruption caused by the transition away from high carbon practices could yet spark considerable opposition.
此外,在中世纪实现净零排放实际上只有一半的故事。几乎所有限制温度的情况都上升到1.5℃需要在本世纪下半叶的大气中从大气中取出某种二氧化碳 - 包括林业和土壤封存等自然措施,以及碳捕获技术 - 为了基本上在2050年之后的净零到“净负数”之外。“净零可能还不够,因为我们太晚了,”Höhne承认。“我们需要转到净零,然后净负,从而从大气中移除二氧化碳排放量。”
许多国家和企业净零目标至少部分地部分依赖于负排放项目和技术,其中大部分尚未在规模上进行测试,或者可能会成为不可行的。例如,成千上万的企业承诺通过确保各种碳偏移来成为碳中性,但专家们担心所有人都没有足够的土地来植物树木。一些气候科学家,包括曼彻斯特大学凯文安德森教授,因此已经估计了如果从等式中除去负排放假设,则全球变暖轨迹将在年底到2.5 C和3 C之间,远远高于猫的分析和可能导致灾难性经济和社会后果的水平在本世纪下半叶。
存在不确定性,但不应该被视为不做任何事情的借口,并认为这是不可能的。...让我们专注于我们所知道的。我们知道如何在几乎所有部门中减少排放到0。
但猫的分析假设曾经国家达到其净零目标,但它们并没有额外努力转向显着的净负排放。如果他们这样做,估计净负排放可以将温度轨迹的减少增加一倍。So, if the global impact of U.S. achieving net zero emissions by 2050 is to knock 0.1 C of the global warming trajectory, the emergence thereafter of a net negative emission economy could see the country knock 0.2 C from the global warming trajectory by 2100. Meanwhile, engineers and investors are stepping up their pursuit of effective negative emission technologies that could remove carbon dioxide direct from the atmosphere and make such negative emission scenarios a reality.
并且有迹象表明,预计的变暖轨迹仍然可以降低。So far, only Norway and Chile have come forward with more ambitious climate plans — or nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in the U.N. jargon — since the Paris Agreement was adopted five years ago, but if all other signatures follow suit over the next 12 months, the planet's warming trajectory would drop further, according to CAT's analysis. The success of COP26 next year in Glasgow therefore largely will be determined by how many countries raise their ambitions in support of the Paris Agreement. Just last week,财务时间报告U.K.总理鲍里斯约翰逊正在考虑加强U.K.的2030年排放目标,作为峰会主人的新纳税人的一部分。
“目前,所有短期目标都缺乏必要的,并不符合长期野心,以便净零,适用于基本上所有国家,”Höhne承认。“所以未来10年绝对至关重要,甚至将它们放在净零的路径上。如果我们在未来10年内没有就在它,那么我们就无法满足这些雄心勃勃的目标。”
它仍然是警告剧烈的警告,但对于所有Höhne对他的岁月的失望分析了气候政策,他对人类克服了许多障碍的潜力看涨。“存在不确定性,但不应该被视为不做任何事情的借口,并认为这是不可能的,”他争辩说。“所以让我们专注于我们所知道的。我们知道如何在几乎所有部门中减少排放到零。我们今天拥有技术,只有一些我们没有。”
In the midst of a pandemic that has caused untold misery and immense disruption, it is suddenly possible to envisage a scenario where next year's COP26 Summit results in credible targets and strategies that would deliver on the goals of the Paris Agreement, limit global temperature increases to below 2 C, and avert the worst climate impacts. It is at this point that many observers would rightly warn against even the slightest hint of complacency setting in, given the hugely damaging impacts that would result from 2 C of warming and unprecedented scale of the decarbonization challenge ahead. But given the catastrophic warming trajectory envisaged just five years ago, it would also would represent truly remarkable progress.